Dean Scream,如果你听过这声吼,你一定觉得这张图是我在发语音。他真的因为这个输的。 互联网传播彻底击垮了二十年以来两党建立起来的新“党内钦定”模式。 2008年按照刚才的标准,希拉里·克林顿(Hillary Clinton)在爱荷华州党团会议前获得的党内背书最多,但巴拉克·奥巴马(Barack Obama)赢得了当年的民主党党内提名。 奥巴马2008年在党内也算是冉冉升起的一颗新星,也有很多人支持。2016的唐纳德·特朗普(Donald J. Trump)就是完全另一回事了。 他进入爱荷华党团会议时,完全没有一个共和党政客给他背过书,真的一个没有,而且当时党内人士也不羞于对其不留颜面的攻击。当他赢下了很多州之后,才有国会议员给他开始背书。 特朗普在初选的前四个州赢了三个,在爱荷华州拿了第二。这就已经能够赢下初选了,无论共和党有多激烈的反对,Anyone But Trump最终也没有成功。这个让“党内钦定”彻底粉碎。 这些改革后的初选历史,说明了“党内钦定”提名是非常有可能的,但是要有具体前提。而且在新初选制度之下两党也的确钦定了二十年的提名。但在现在这种完全非传统的竞选模式之下,例如伊丽莎白·沃伦(Elizabeth Warren)、伯尼·桑德斯(Bernie Sanders)甚至建制派的艾米·克洛布夏(Amy Klobuchar)都以不接受Super Pac等传统党内和大公司政治献金为荣,党内对他们的控制逐渐失控。如果不是民主党选民对特朗普的厌恶冲破天际以及对拜登打败特朗普的能力信任有加,2020恐怕又是一个见证“党内钦定”失败的例子。 参考文献: 1. Rothschild, A., & Druke, G. (2020). How A Raucous Convention Revolutionized Our Primary System. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-a-raucous-convention-revolutionized-our-primary-system/. 2. Zeitz, J. (2018). Opinion | The Myth of Eugene McCarthy. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/08/opinion/eugene-mccarthy-lyndon-johnson-vietnam.html. 3. Static.america.gov. (2018). Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://static.america.gov/uploads/sites/8/2016/05/Elections-USA_In-Brief-Series_Chinese_Lo-Res.pdf. 4. Abraham Lincoln: Campaigns and Elections | Miller Center. Miller Center. Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://millercenter.org/president/lincoln/campaigns-and-elections. 5. Lincoln and Douglas: The title match of titans - CNN Video. CNN. (2016). Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/03/04/lincoln-douglas-heavyweight-orig.cnn. 6. The 1968 Democratic National Convention | The Vietnam War | PBS LearningMedia. PBS LearningMedia. (2018). Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/201645f5-c6eb-4cf8-9cca-297fea277866/the-1968-democratic-national-convention-lesson-plan-ken-burns-lynn-novick-the-vietnam-war/. 7. 1968: CBS News' Dan Rather gets roughed up while trying to interview a Georgia delegate. Cbsnews.com.. Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://www.cbsnews.com/video/1968-cbs-news-dan-rather-gets-roughed-up-while-trying-to-interview-a-georgia-delegate/. 8. Flashback Friday: Walter Mondale Reflects on Humphrey, McCarthy and 1968 Democratic Convention Chaos. KSTP. (2020). Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://kstp.com/news/flashback-friday-walter-mondale-reflects-on-hubert-humphrey-eugene-mccarthy-1968-democratic-convention/5042971/. 9. Rothschild, A., & Druke, G. (2020). Do Parties Or Voters Choose Presidential Nominees?. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/do-parties-or-voters-choose-presidential-nominees/. 10. The Anyone But Bernie crowd could study and learn from past campaigns, like "Anyone But McGovern" in '72. — The South Dakota Standard. The South Dakota Standard. (2020). Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://www.sdstandardnow.com/home/the-anyone-but-bernie-crowd-could-study-and-learn-from-past-campaigns. 11. Anybody But Trump, Anybody But Carter, Anybody But McGovern | HuffPost. Huffpost.com. (2020). Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://www.huffpost.com/?icid=hjx004. 12. How to Lose the Presidency: Howard Dean Scream | Night Class | History. HISTORY. Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yeZGePI62rU. 13. Parham, J., & Herbst, M. (2004). How the Internet Invented Howard Dean. WIRED. Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://www.wired.com/2004/01/dean/. 14. Like Online Dating, With a Political Spin. Nytimes.com. (2003). Retrieved 13 March 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/13/technology/like-online-dating-with-a-political-spin.html.